Bacterial infection, environmental and chemical toxicants, and inflammation are common sources of injury that
damage the intestinal epithelial barrier and directly affect the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells
arising from intestinal crypts. Chronic infection or toxicant exposure often lead to systemic diseases.
Understanding the mechanistic underpinning that drive injury-induced epithelial changes is essential to
facilitate barrier regeneration and prevent long term dysfunction and disease. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs)